![\"\"](\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Capecitabine-from-xtal-2009-2D-skeletal.png\")
<\/a><\/p>\ncapecitabine<\/p>\n
154361-50-9<\/p>\n
- \n
- R-340, Ro-09-1978, Xeloda<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
pentyl [1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-5-fluoro-2-oxo-1H<\/i>-pyrimidin-4-yl]carbamate<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/en.edrugs.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Capecitabine-Xeloda.jpg\")
<\/p>\nMONDAY Sept. 16, 2013 \u2014 The first generic version of the oral chemotherapy drug Xeloda (capecitabine) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat cancers of the colon\/rectum or breast, the agency said Monday in a news release.<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0a\/Capecitabine-from-xtal-2009-3D-balls.png\/280px-Capecitabine-from-xtal-2009-3D-balls.png\")
<\/a><\/p>\nThis year, an estimated 142,820 people will be diagnosed with cancer of the colon\/rectum, and 50,830 are predicted to die from the disease, the FDA said, citing the U.S. National Cancer Institute. An estimated 232,340 women will be diagnosed with cancer of the breast this year, and some 39,620 will die from it.<\/p>\n
The most common side effects of the drug are diarrhea, vomiting; pain, redness, swelling or sores in the mouth; fever and infection, the FDA said.<\/p>\n
The agency stressed that approved generics have the same high quality and strength as their brand-name counterparts.<\/p>\n
License to produce the generic drug was given to Israel-based Teva Pharmaceuticals. The brand name drug is produced by the Swiss pharma firm Roche.<\/p>\n
Capecitabine<\/b>\u00a0(INN<\/a>)\u00a0\/<\/a>k<\/a>e\u026a<\/a>p<\/a>\u02c8<\/a>s<\/a>a\u026a<\/a>t<\/a>\u0259<\/a>b<\/a>i\u02d0<\/a>n<\/a>\/<\/a>\u00a0(Xeloda, Roche) is an orally-administeredchemotherapeutic<\/a>\u00a0agent used in the treatment of\u00a0metastatic<\/a>\u00a0breast<\/a>\u00a0andcolorectal cancers<\/a>. Capecitabine is a\u00a0prodrug<\/a>, that is enzymatically converted to\u00a05-fluorouracil<\/a>\u00a0in the tumor, where it inhibits\u00a0DNA synthesis<\/a>\u00a0and slows growth of tumor tissue.\u00a0The activation of capecitabine follows a pathway with three enzymatic steps and two intermediary metabolites, 5\u2032-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5\u2032-DFCR) and 5\u2032-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5\u2032-DFUR), to form 5-fluorouracil<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.medpagetoday.com\/upload\/2013\/1\/28\/37040.jpg\")
<\/p>\nIndications<\/h2>\n
Capecitabine is FDA-approved for:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Adjuvant in\u00a0colorectal cancer<\/a><\/i>\u00a0Stage III Dukes\u2019 C \u2013 used as first-line monotherapy.<\/li>\n
- Metastatic colorectal cancer<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 used as first-line monotherapy, if appropriate.<\/li>\n
- Metastatic\u00a0breast cancer<\/a><\/i>\u00a0\u2013 used in combination with\u00a0docetaxel<\/a>, after failure of\u00a0anthracycline<\/a>-based treatment. Also as monotherapy, if the patient has failed\u00a0paclitaxel<\/a>-based treatment, and if anthracycline-based treatment has either failed or cannot be continued for other reasons (i.e., the patient has already received the maximum lifetime dose of an anthracycline).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
In the UK, capecitabine is approved by the\u00a0National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence<\/a>\u00a0(NICE) for colon and colorectal cancer, and locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0On March 29, 2007, the European Commission approved Capecitabine, in combination with platinum-based therapy (with or without epirubicin), for the first-line treatment of advanced stomach cancer.<\/p>\n
Capecitabine is a cancer chemotherapeutic agent that interferes with the growth of cancer cells and slows their distribution in the body. Capecitabine is used to treat breast cancer and colon or rectum cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.<\/p>\n
Formulation<\/h2>\n
Capecitabine (as brand-name Xeloda) is available in light peach 150\u00a0mg tablets and peach 500\u00a0mg tablets.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/h2>\n
- \n
- Lacy, Charles F; Armstrong, Lora L; Goldman, Morton P; Lance, Leonard L (2004).\u00a0Lexi-Comp\u2019s Drug Information Handbook<\/i>\u00a0(12th Edition). Lexi-Comp Inc.\u00a0ISBN 1-59195-083-X<\/a><\/li>\n
- Fischer, David S; Knobf, M Tish; Durivage, Henry J; Beaulieu, Nancy J (2003).\u00a0The Cancer Chemotherapy Handbook<\/i>\u00a0(6th Edition). Mosby.\u00a0ISBN 0-323-01890-4<\/a><\/li>\n
- Thomson Centerwatch: Drugs Approved by the FDA (Xeloda)<\/a>\u00a0Retrieved 6\/05<\/li>\n
- Mercier C, Ciccolini J (2007). \u201cSevere or lethal toxicities upon capecitabine intake: is DPYD genetic polymorphism the ideal culprit?\u201d. Trends in pharmacological sciences 28 (12): 597\u2013598.doi<\/a>:10.1016\/j.tips.2007.09.009<\/a>.\u00a0PMID 18001850<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- \n
- <\/b>\u201cSubtopics\u201d<\/a>. Nice.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-08-15.<\/li>\n
- <\/b>Fingerprints May Vanish With Cancer Drug \u2013 US News and World Report<\/a><\/li>\n
- <\/b>Cancer Drug Erases Man\u2019s Fingerprints \u2013 CNN<\/a><\/li>\n
- \u00a0\u201cStritch School of Medicine\u201d<\/a>. Stritch.luc.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-15.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/h2>\n
- \n
- Xeloda.com<\/a>\u00a0(patient information, tools, and resources)<\/li>\n
- OralChemo Advisor<\/a>\u00a0(patient information)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2009066892A1\/imgf000007_0001.png\")
<\/p>\nWO2009066892A1<\/a><\/p>\n
Capecitabine is an orally-administered anticancer agent widely used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. Capecitabine is a ribofuranose-based nucleoside, and has the sterochemical structure of a ribofuranose having an \u03b2-oriented 5-fluorocytosine moiety at C-I position.<\/p>\n
US Patent Nos. 5,472,949 and 5,453,497 disclose a method for preparing capecitabine by glycosylating tri-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-\u03b2-D-ribofuranose of formula I using 5-fluorocytosine to obtain cytidine of formula II; and carbamoylating and hydrolyzing the resulting compound, as shown in Reaction Scheme 1 :<\/p>\n
Reaction Scheme 1<\/p>\n
![\"Figure](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2009066892A1\/imgf000002_0001.png\")
<\/a><\/div>\n1<\/p>\n
The compound of formula I employed as an intermediate in Reaction<\/p>\n
Scheme 1 is the isomer having a \u03b2-oriented acetyl group at the 1 -position, for the reason that 5-fluorocytosine is more reactive toward the \u03b2-isomer than the \u03b1-isomer in the glycosylation reaction due to the occurrence of a significant neighboring group participation effect which takes place when the protecting group of the 2-hydroxy group is acyl.<\/p>\n
Accordingly, \u03b2-oriented tri-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-\u03b2-D-ribofuranose (formula<\/p>\n
I) has been regarded in the conventional art to the essential intermediate for the preparation of capecitabine. However, such a reaction gives a mixture of \u03b2- and \u03b1-isomers from which cytidine (formula II) must be isolated by an uneconomical step.<\/p>\n
Meanwhile, US Patent No. 4,340,729 teaches a method for obtaining capecitabine by the procedure shown in Reaction Scheme 2, which comprises hydrolyzing 1-methyl-acetonide of formula III to obtain a triol of formula IV; acetylating the compound of formula IV using anhydrous acetic anhydride in pyridine to obtain a \u03b2-\/\u03b1-anomeric mixture of tri-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-D-ribofuranose of formula V; conducting vacuum distillation to purify the \u03b2-\/\u03b1-anomeric mixture; and isolating the \u03b2-anomer of formula I therefrom:<\/p>\n
Reaction Scheme 2<\/p>\n
![\"Figure](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2009066892A1\/imgf000003_0001.png\")
<\/a><\/div>\nIII IV<\/p>\n
However, the above method is also hampered by the requirement to perform an uneconomical and complicated recrystallization steps for isolating the \u03b2-anomer from the mixture of \u03b2-\/\u03b1-anomers of formula V, which leads to a low yield of only about 35% to 40% (Guangyi Wang et al., J. Med. Chem., 2000, vol. 43, 2566-2574; Pothukuchi Sairam et al., Carbohydrate Research, 2003, vol. 338, 303-306; Xiangshu Fei et al., Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 2004, vol. 31, 1033-1041; and Henry M. Kissman et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1957, vol. 79, 5534-5540).<\/p>\n
Further, US Patent No. 5,476,932 discloses a method for preparing capecitabine by subjecting 5\u2032-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine of formula VI to a reaction with pentylchloroformate to obtain the compound of formula VII having the amino group and the 2-,3-hydroxy groups protected with C5<\/sub>Hi1<\/sub>CO2<\/sub>\u00a0groups; and removing the hydroxy-protecting groups from the resulting compound, as shown in Reaction Scheme 3 :<\/p>\n
Reaction Scheme 3<\/p>\n
![\"Figure](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2009066892A1\/imgf000004_0001.png\")
<\/a><\/div>\nVl VII 1<\/p>\n
However, this method suffers from a high manufacturing cost and also requires several complicated steps for preparing the 5\u2032-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine of formula VI: protecting the 2-,3-hydroxy groups; conducting a reaction thereof with 5-fluorocytosine; and deprotecting the 2-,3-hydroxy groups.<\/p>\n
Accordingly, the present inventors have endeavored to develop an efficient method for preparing capecitabine, and have unexpectedly found an efficient, novel method for preparing highly pure capecitabine using a trialkyl carbonate intermediate, which does not require the uneconomical \u03b2-anomer isolation steps.<\/p>\n
synthesis<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2010065586A2\/imgf000003_0001.png\")
<\/p>\nWO2010065586A2<\/a><\/p>\n
more info and description<\/p>\n
Aspects of the present invention relate to capecitabine and processes for the preparation thereof.<\/p>\n
The drug compound having the adopted name \u201ccapecitabine\u201d has a chemical name 5\u2032-deoxy-5-fluoro-N-[(pentyloxy) carbonyl] cytidine and has structural formula I.<\/p>\n
H<\/p>\n
![\"Figure](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2010065586A2\/imgf000002_0001.png\")
<\/a><\/div>\nOH OH I<\/p>\n
This compound is a fluoropyrimidine carbamate with antineoplastic activity. The commercial product XELODA\u2122 tablets from Roche Pharmaceuticals contains either 150 or 500 mg of capecitabine as the active ingredient.<\/p>\n
U.S. Patent No. 4,966,891 describes capecitabine generically and a process for the preparation thereof. It also describes pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of treating of sarcoma and fibrosarcoma. This patent also discloses the use of ethyl acetate for recrystallization of capecitabine. The overall process is summarized in Scheme I.<\/p>\n
![\"Figure](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2010065586A2\/imgf000002_0002.png\")
<\/a><\/div>\nScheme I<\/p>\n
U.S. Patent No. 5,453,497 discloses a process for producing capecitabine that comprises: coupling of th-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-\u03b2-D-hbofuranose with 5- fluorocytosine to obtain 2\u2032,3\u2032-di-O-acetyl-5\u2032-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine; acylating a 2\u2032, 3\u2032- di-O-acetyl-5\u2032-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine with n-pentyl chloroformate to form 5\u2032-deoxy- 2\u2032,3\u2032-di-O-alkylcarbonyl-5-fluoro-N-alkyloxycarbonyl cytidine, and deacylating the 2\u2032 and 3\u2032 positions of the carbohydrate moiety to form capecitabine. The overall process is summarized in Scheme II.<\/p>\n
<\/a><\/div>\nCapecitabine<\/p>\n
Scheme Il<\/p>\n
The preparation of capecitabine is also disclosed by N. Shimma et al., \u201cThe Design and Synthesis of a New Tumor-Selective Fluoropyrimidine Carbamate, Capecitabine,\u201d Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 8, pp. 1697-1706 (2000). U.S. Patent No. 7,365,188 discloses a process for the production of capecitabine, comprising reacting 5-fluorocytosine with a first silylating agent in the presence of an acid catalyst under conditions sufficient to produce a first silylated compound; reacting the first silylated compound with 2,3-diprotected-5- deoxy-furanoside to produce a coupled product; reacting the coupled product with a second silylating agent to produce a second silylated product; acylating the second silylated product to produce an acylated product; and selectively removing the silyl moiety and hydroxyl protecting groups to produce capecitabine. The overall process is summarized in Scheme III. te<\/p>\n
![\"Figure](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2010065586A2\/imgf000004_0001.png\")
<\/a><\/div>\nR: hydrocarbyl<\/p>\n
![\"Figure](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2010065586A2\/imgf000004_0002.png\")
<\/a><\/div>\nScheme III<\/p>\n
Further, this patent discloses crystallization of capecitabine, using a solvent mixture of ethyl acetate and n-heptane. International Application Publication No. WO 2005\/080351 A1 describes a process for the preparation of capecitabine that involves the refluxing N4<\/sub>– pentyloxycarbonyl-5-fluorocytosine with trimethylsiloxane, hexamethyl disilazanyl, or sodium iodide with trimethyl chlorosilane in anhydrous acetonitrile, dichloromethane, or toluene, and 5-deoxy-1 ,2,3-tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranose, followed by hydrolysis using ammonia\/methanol to give capecitabine. The overall process is summarized in Scheme IV.<\/p>\n
![\"Figure](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2010065586A2\/imgf000004_0003.png\")
<\/a><\/div>\nScheme IV<\/p>\n
International Application Publication No. WO 2007\/009303 A1 discloses a method of synthesis for capecitabine, comprising reacting 5\u2032-deoxy-5- fluorocytidine using double (trichloromethyl) carbonate in an inert organic solvent and organic alkali to introduce a protective lactone ring to the hydroxyl of the saccharide moiety; reacting the obtained compound with chloroformate in organic alkali; followed by selective hydrolysis of the sugar component hydrolytic group using an inorganic base to give capecitabine. The overall process is summarized in Scheme V.<\/p>\n
![\"Figure](\"http:\/\/patentimages.storage.googleapis.com\/WO2010065586A2\/imgf000005_0001.png\")
<\/a><\/div>\nScheme V<\/p>\n
Even though all the above documents collectively disclose various processes for the preparation of capecitabine, removal of process-related impurities in the final product has not been adequately addressed. Impurities in any active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are undesirable, and, in extreme cases, might even be harmful to a patient. Furthermore, the existence of undesired as well as unknown impurities reduces the bioavailability of the API in pharmaceutical products and often decreases the stability and shelf life of a pharmaceutical dosage form.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
nmr<\/p>\n
1<\/sup>H NMR(CD3<\/sub>OD) \u03b4 0.91(3H5<\/sub>\u00a0t), 1.36~1.40(4H, m), 1.41(3H, d), 1.68~1.73(2H, m), 3.72(1H, dd), 4.08(1H, dd), 4.13~4.21(3H, m), 5.7O(1H, s), 7.96(1H, d)<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.chemdrug.com\/databases\/SYNTHESIS\/SYN\/21\/21163901a.gif\")
<\/p>\n- \n
- The acetylation of 5\u2032-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (I) with acetic anhydride in dry pyridine gives 2\u2032,3\u2032-di-O-acetyl-5\u2032-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (II), which is condensed with pentyl chloroformate (III) by means of pyridine in dichromethane yielding 2\u2032,3\u2032-di-O-acetyl-5\u2032-deoxy-5-fluoro-N4-(pentyloxycarbonyl)cytidine (IV). Finally, this compound is deacetylated with NaOH in dichloromethane\/water. The diacetylated cytidine (II) can also be obtained by condensation of 5-fluorocytosine (V) with 1,2,3-tri-O-acetyl-5-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose (VI) by means of trimethylchlorosilane in acetonitrile or HMDS and SnCl4 in dichloromethane..<\/li>\n
- \n
- \n
- EP 602454, JP 94211891, US 5472949.\n
- \n
- Capecitabine. Drugs Fut 1996, 21, 4, 358,\n
- \n
- Bioorg Med Chem Lett2000,8,(7):1697,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
capecitabine 154361-50-9 R-340, Ro-09-1978, Xeloda pentyl [1-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-5-fluoro-2-oxo-1H-pyrimidin-4-yl]carbamate MONDAY Sept. 16, 2013 \u2014 The first generic version of the oral chemotherapy drug Xeloda (capecitabine) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat cancers of the colon\/rectum or breast, the agency said Monday in a news release. This year, an estimated 142,820 people… Continue reading The first generic version of the oral chemotherapy drug Xeloda (capecitabine) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat cancers of the colon\/rectum or breast<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[18,145,85,146,150,143,144,55,86],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1107"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1107"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1107\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1108,"href":"https:\/\/amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1107\/revisions\/1108"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1107"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1107"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/amcrasto.theeurekamoments.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1107"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- Bioorg Med Chem Lett2000,8,(7):1697,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
- Capecitabine. Drugs Fut 1996, 21, 4, 358,\n
- EP 602454, JP 94211891, US 5472949.\n
- OralChemo Advisor<\/a>\u00a0(patient information)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- <\/b>Fingerprints May Vanish With Cancer Drug \u2013 US News and World Report<\/a><\/li>\n
- Fischer, David S; Knobf, M Tish; Durivage, Henry J; Beaulieu, Nancy J (2003).\u00a0The Cancer Chemotherapy Handbook<\/i>\u00a0(6th Edition). Mosby.\u00a0ISBN 0-323-01890-4<\/a><\/li>\n
- Metastatic colorectal cancer<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 used as first-line monotherapy, if appropriate.<\/li>\n
- Adjuvant in\u00a0colorectal cancer<\/a><\/i>\u00a0Stage III Dukes\u2019 C \u2013 used as first-line monotherapy.<\/li>\n