Damiana contains a glycoside compound called arbutin. In the urinary tract, arbutin is converted into a chemical called hydroquinone. In large amounts, hydroquinone can cause nausea, vomiting, tinnitus (ringing in the ears, convulsions, and eventually, collapse and death.
Role of plants in anticancer drug discovery
Volume 7, February 2014, Pages 173–181
- a Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- b Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
Highlights
- •
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Cancer is second deadly disease after cardiovascular diseases.
- •
-
There is a tremendous need to discover novel safer and more effective anticancer agents.
- •
-
Plants serve as a basis for promising therapeutic agents for cancer treatment.
- •
-
Important plant derived anticancer agents have been discussed here.
- •
-
Some potential plant derived lead molecules have also been discussed.
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death and the number of new cases, as well as the number of individuals living with cancer, is expanding continuously. Worldwide the alarming rise in mortality rate due to cancer has fuelled the pursuit for effective anticancer agents to combat this disease. Finding novel and efficient compounds of natural origin has been a major point of concern for research in the pharmaceutical sciences. Plants have been seen to possess the potential to be excellent lead structures and to serve as a basis of promising therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Many successful anti-cancer drugs currently in use or their analogues are plant derived and many more are under clinical trials. This review aims to highlight the invaluable role that plants have played, and continue to play, in the discovery of anticancer agents.
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone-10, CoQ10, CoQ, Q10 or simply Q) is aubiquinone containing 10 isoprenoid units. First discovered in 1957 by Crane et al. [1], its chemical structure was determined by Karl Folkers [2], who later won the Priestley medal from the American Chemical Society. This oil-soluble, vitamin-like micronutrient forms part of the electron transport chain which, in the process of aerobic respiration, generates 95% of the human body’s energy asATP [3].
CoQ, or Q10 is a 1,4-benzoquinone, where Q refers to the quinone chemical group, and 10 refers to the number of isoprenylchemical subunits in its tail.
This oil-soluble, vitamin-like substance is present in most eukaryotic cells, primarily in themitochondria. It is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, generating energy in the form of ATP. Ninety-five percent of the human body’s energy is generated this way. Therefore, those organs with the highest energy requirements—such as the heart, liver and kidney—have the highest CoQ10concentrations. There are three redox states of CoQ10: fully oxidized (ubiquinone), semiquinone (ubisemiquinone), and fully reduced (ubiquinol). The capacity of this molecule to exist in a completely oxidized form and a completely reduced form enables it to perform its functions in the electron transport chain and as an antioxidant respectively.
Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized de novo by every cell in the body, but levels decrease with age, in several clinical disorders, and in patients administered certain drugs such as hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (commonly known as statins). With cardiovascular disease being a leading cause of death in the West, evidence that oral supplements of coenzyme Q10 can benefit patients suffering from heart disease is of increasing appeal. Evidence is also accumulating for its effective treatment of other ailments including mitochondrial disorders and neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
Coenzyme Q10 is one of the best-selling dietary supplements worldwide, available over the counter from health food shops and pharmacies. Its popularity may be due to the wide-ranging claims made for its effectiveness in a myriad of human health issues: it is marketed as an energy booster; a periodontal health promoter; an agent for maintaining normal blood-cholesterol levels; an enhancer of cognitive function; a remedy for hypertension, migraine headaches, radiation injury and cancer; and a superdrug capable of delaying or even reversing the effects of aging. However, perusal of the scientific literature reveals that, while data supporting some claims are forthcoming (such as in the case of heart disease and mitochondrial function), coenzyme Q10 is neither panacea nor elixir [4,5].
References
- Crane, F.L., Hatefi, Y., Lester, R.L. and Widmer, C. (1957) Isolation of a quinone from beef heart mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 25, 220–221.
- Wolf, D.E., Hoffman, C.H., Trenner, N.R., Arison, B.H., Shunk, C.H., Linn, B.O., McPherson, J.F. and Folkers, K. (1958) Coenzyme Q. I. Structure studies on the coenzyme Q group. J.Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 4752.
- Ernster, L. and Dallner, G. (1995) Biochemical, physiological and medical aspects of ubiquinone function. Biochim. Biophys.Acta 1271, 195–204.
- Watts, T.L. (1995), Coenzyme Q10 and periodontal treatment: is there any beneficial effect? Br. Dent. J. 178, 209–213.
- European Food Safety Authority Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2010), Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to coenzyme Q10 and contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 1508, 1512, 1720, 1912, 4668), maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 1509, 1721, 1911), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1510), contribution to normal cognitive function (ID 1511), maintenance of normal blood cholesterol concentrations (ID 1721) and increase in endurance capacity and/or endurance performance (ID 1913) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 8, 1793–1819.
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sildanafil
Erection of the penis in males is often a result of a state of sexual arousal. Erectile dysfunction occurs when it becomes difficult to produce erection even in a state of adequate arousal. Erectile dysfunction can occur at any age to any one and at any point of time. It can be due to a vast array of reasons, ranging from fatigue to serious diabetic or heart conditions. While causes like fatigue can be taken care of by simple rest and a good night’s sleep, serious causes like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases can be a little difficult to deal with. Erectile dysfunction does not necessarily mean that there is something physically wrong within the body, as it can also be a result of a vast number of psychological reasons. The loss of erection in itself can give rise to a vast number of psychological problems like loss of self respect and confidence and, hence, requires immediate medical assistance.
vardenafil
You can characterize erectile dysfunction (also known as the problem of male impotency) into two broad categories: firstly, when sometimes full erections are obtained, like when the person under consideration is in deep sleep. This condition is due to the failure of getting an erection due to a psychological reason and can be solved with professional psychological assistance. Secondly, when no erection is obtained. This is generally when the physical structure is not working properly.
tadalafil
Erectile dysfunction takes place when a man fails to get a proper erection or is not able to sustain it to indulge in sexual intercourse. There is no formal means of detecting and diagnosing an erectile dysfunction. However, blood tests are conducted in such cases as they generally give a fair idea of the underlying diseases such as prolactinoma, diabetes and hypogonadism. Impotency is generally a result of poor health conditions and can be a result of obesity or malnutrition. There are a number of tests along with the blood tests that are undertaken to determine the nature and extent of an erectile dysfunction problem. These are duplex ultrasound to evaluate the blood flow, penile nervous function test such as bulbocavernosus reflex, nocturnal penile tumescence, penile biothesiometry, Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), etc.
avanafil
Some patients have trouble discussing problems relating to erectile dysfunction with their doctors, but it is important to step forward as erectile dysfunction can also be a symptom of other health problems such as clogged arteries or nerve damage. A doctor can offer a number of treatments for erectile dysfunction depending on the reason and underlying conditions.
While some treatments may involve a steady intake of medicines over a period of time, others can be as simple as taking a few pills for some days and getting more exercise and physical activity. The treatment generally lasts for about a month, but can also be of shorter or longer duration, depending on the severity of the disorder. If the erectile dysfunction is due to some other major ailment, then the problem generally subsides after complete recovery.
When a patient is suffering from erectile dysfunction, he generally has a very low self esteem and, hence, it becomes important that he get professional help and doesn’t try to deal with the situation all by himself. Becoming a part of a support group and taking psychological help from a psychiatrist often helps.
The most common medicines prescribed for erectile dysfunctions are sildanafil or viagra, vardenafil or levitra, and tadalafil or cialis. These medicines can cause side effects such as dizziness and headaches, and should be only taken under expert medical supervision. Some of the other side effects of these medicines may include an increased blood pressure and, thus, are not recommended for heart patients.
Remedies for Erectile Dysfunction
Here are several natural remedies that are used for erectile dysfunction.
L-Arginine
L-arginine is an amino acid that the body uses to make nitric oxide, a substance signals smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels to relax, which dilates the blood vessels and increases blood flow. Relaxation of smooth muscle in the penis allows for enhanced blood flow, leading to an erection.
L-arginine is found naturally in foods such as meat, dairy, poultry and fish. It is also available as oral L-arginine supplements, which some product manufacturers market as a “natural Viagra”).
There have only been two studies to date, however, evaluating the effectiveness of L-arginine for erectile dysfunction.
One study involved 50 men who took L-arginine (5 grams a day) or a placebo. After six weeks, significantly more men taking L-arginine experienced an improvement in sexual function compared with men taking the placebo. Interestingly, it only benefited men who had initially low levels of nitric oxide.
Another study using a smaller dose of L-arginine and a shorter treatment duration found no benefit with L-arginine use. The study involved 32 men with erectile dysfunction who took oral L-arginine supplements (500 milligrams three times per day) or a placebo for 17 days. Oral L-arginine was no better than the placebo.
Side effects may include digestive complaints. High dosees of L-arginine may stimulate the body’s production of gastrin, a hormone that increases stomach acid. For this reason, L-arginine may be harmful for individuals with ulcers and people taking drugs that are hard on the stomach.
L-arginine may also alter potassium levels in the body, especially in people with liver disease. It should not be taken by people who are on medications that alter potassium levels, such as potassium sparing diuretics and ACE inhibitors
Propionyl-L-Carnitine
One study examined the use of two forms of carnitine, propionyl-L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine in 96 men who with erectile dysfunction after prostate surgery. One group were given a placebo, another group took propionyl-L-carnitine (2 grams per day) plus acetyl-L-carnitine (2 grams per day) and sildenafil (Viagra) when needed, and the third group used Viagra alone.
Propionyl-L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine were found to enhance the effectiveness of sildenafil, and result in improved erectile function, sexual intercourse satisfaction, orgasm, and general sexual well-being compared to Viagra alone.
Another study examined the effectiveness of propionyl-L-carnitine supplements plus sildenafil in men with erectile dysfunction and diabetes who were previously unresponsive to Viagra alone. Participants in the study received either propionyl-L-carnitine (two grams per day) plus Viagra (50 milligrams twice a week) or Viagra alone. After 24 weeks, propionyl-L-carnitine plus Viagra was significantly more effective than Viagra alone.
Gingko
The herb ginkgo is used for erectile dysfunction, particularly in people who experience sexual dysfunction as a side effect of antidepressant drugs. It appears to relax smooth muscle and enhance blood flow in the penis.
In one study of 60 men with erectile dysfunction, there was a 50 percent success rate after six months of ginkgo treatment. Two additional studies, however, found that ginkgo was no better than a placebo.
Zinc
Siginificant depletion of the mineral zinc, associated with long-term use of diuretics, diabetes, digestive disorders, and certain kidney and liver diseases, has been shown to lead to erectile dysfunction.
Ashwagandha
The herb ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is sometimes called Indian Ginseng because it is thought to have similar effects on the body. It is thought to increase energy, stamina, and sexual function. No studies, however, have examined whether it is effective for erectile dysfunction in humans.
Side effects of ashwagandha may include drowsiness. It should not be combined with sedative drugs.
Yohimbe
The bark of the west African yohimbe tree is a source of yohimbine, a compound that has been found to stimulate blood flow to the penis, increase libido, and decrease the period between ejaculations.
Yohimbe is not recommended, however, because it is potentially dangerous, even in small doses. Side effects may include dizziness, anxiety, nausea, a severe drop in blood pressure, abdominal pain, fatigue, hallucinations, and paralysis.
Tongkat Ali
Tongkat Ali was dubbed the “Asian Viagra” in a May 1999 report in the New Sunday Times.
It has been used in Malaysia for many years by men to increase sexual desire, libido, sexual performance and to treat erectile dysfunction.
Tongkat ali appears to work by increasing levels of the hormone testosterone. Testosterone is primarily responsible for the growth and development of male reproductive organs, including the penis, testicles, scrotum, prostate, and seminal vesicles. Normal testosterone levels maintain energy level, mood, fertility, and sexual desire.
Because of its testosterone-enhancing properties, tongkat ali is also used by bodybuilders to increase muscle mass and strength
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Tribulus terrestris
Tribulus terrestris, also known as puncture vine, is a herb that has been used in the traditional medicine of China and India for centuries.
In the mid-1990s, tribulus terrestris became known in North America after Eastern European Olympic athletes said that taking tribulus helped their performance.
The active compounds in tribulus are called steroidal saponins. Two types, called furostanol glycosides and spirostanol glycosides, appear to be involved with the effects of tribulus. These saponins are found primarily in the leaf.
Tribulus is most often used for infertility, erectile dysfunction, and low libido. In the last decade, it has become popular to improve sports performance.
Tribulus has been marketed these conditions because research performed in Bulgaria and Russia indicates that tribulus increases levels of the hormones testosterone (by increasing luteinizing hormone), DHEA, and estrogen. The design of these research studies, however, has been questioned.
A more recent study found that four weeks of tribulus supplements (at 10 to 20 milligrams per kg of body weight daily) had no effect on male sex hormones testosterone, androstenedione, or luteinizing hormone compared to people who did not take tribulus.
Preliminary animal studies found that tribulus heightened sexual behavior and increased intracavernous pressure. This was attributed to increases in testosterone. There haven’t been any well-designed human studies to confirm these early findings.
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Maca
Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a root plant consumed as a food and for medicinal purposes. Maca is also known as “Peruvian ginseng” (despite the fact that it is not a member of the ginseng family), because it is used as a folk remedy to increase stamina, energy, and sexual function. It is typically taken as a pill or liquid extract or as powdered maca root.
Long used to enhance energy and boost stamina, maca is often touted as an aphrodisiac and a natural means of improving sexual performance and fertility. Although few scientific studies have tested maca’s medicinal effects, some research suggests that maca may offer certain health benefits.
Proponents claim that maca may help with these health concerns:
- fatigue
- infertility
- symptoms of menopause
- sexual dysfunction in women
- sexual dysfunction in men (including erectile dysfunction)
Maca is also said to aid in the treatment of cancer.
Here’s a look at the available research on maca and its potential health benefits:
There is “limited evidence” for maca’s effectiveness in improving sexual function in men and women, according to a 2010 report published in BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The report’s authors analyzed four clinical trials, two of which found that maca may have positive effects on sexual dysfunction or sexual desire in healthy menopausal women or healthy adult men. However, the other two trials found that maca failed to produce any positive effects on sexual function.
In a 2008 study from CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, researchers found that maca may help alleviate sexual dysfunction caused by use of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (or SSRIs, a class of medications used in treatment of depression). The study involved 20 people with depression, all of whom were experiencing SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. Results revealed that maca may also help improve libido.
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Muira Palma
Muira puama is a small Brazilian tree that grows across the Amazon river basin. It has a long history of use in Brazilian folk medicine as an aphrodisiac.
The root and stem of the tree are used medicinally.
Muira puama is used mainly as a herbal remedy for erectile dysfunction and sexual dysfunction in women.
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Damiana
Other Names: Turnera diffusa, Turnera aphrodisiacaDamiana is a plant native to Mexico and the southern United States. The dried leaves are used medicinally.Damiana has been widely used as an aphrodisiac in Mexico for men and women.The use of damiana as an aphrodisiac is somewhat controversial because there is no scientific evidence that it works and yet it has been widely promoted as a sexual stimulant.One study suggests that damiana may have plant compounds with effects similar to those of progesterone. Over 150 herbs were tested for their ability to bind with estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer cells and found that the damiana was among the six highest progesterone-binding herbs and spices.Damiana is also used for asthma, anxiety, depression, headache, and menstrual disorders, however, there is no scientific evidence that it works for these conditions.Damiana is found in various forms, including capsule, liquid extract, and tea form. A typical dosage is a 400 mg capsule taken once or twice a day.Damiana may cause mild indigestion.
Although damiana contains about 1/10 of the arbutin as the herb uva ursi, a maximum safe dose of damiana has not been established.
The safety of damiana in children, pregnant or nursing women, or people with liver or kidney disease has not been established.
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Fo-Ti
Other Names: Polygonum multiflorum, He shou wu
Fo-ti is a plant native to China that is also found in Japan and Taiwan. The medicinal part of the plant is the root. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is often boiled in a liquid made with black beans — this is known as red fo-ti. White fo-ti is the unprocessed root.
Fo-ti is called He shou wu, which means “black-haired Mr. He” in Chinese. This name refers to a legend of an older villager named Mr. He who took fo-ti and restored his black hair, youthful appearance and vitality.
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Horny Goat Weed
Horny goat weed is a leafy plant that is native to Asia and the Mediterranean region. It is also known as Epimedium and Yin Yan Huo.
Horny goat weed has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine.
According to folklore, horny goat weed’s reputed aphrodisiac qualities were discovered when a Chinese goat herder noticed increased sexual activity in his flock after they ingested the weed.
Animal studies indicate that horny goat weed may work by increasing nitric oxide levels, which relaxes smooth muscle and lets more blood flow to the penis or clitoris.
Horny goat weed also appears to act by inhibiting the PDE-5 enzyme, which is the same way that the popular drug Viagra works.
Some evidence suggests horny goat weed may modulate levels of the hormones cortisol, testosterone, and thyroid hormone, bringing low levels back to normal.
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E-Guggulsterone
Z-Guggulsterone
http://www.omicsonline.org/2161-0444/2161-0444-2-e105.php?%20aid=9899
Citation: Xiao M, Xiao D (2012) Gugulipid, an Extract of Ayurveda Medicine Plant Commiphora Mukul as a Potent Agent for Cancer Chemoprevention and Cancer Chemotherapy. Med chem 2:e105.
doi:10.4172/2161-0444.1000e105
Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
| Gugulipid (GL), an extract of Commiphora mukul, has been safely used for thousands of years in the Indian Ayurveda medicine practice for the treatment of different ailments and has been used recently in many clinical trials that focused on its cholesterol-lowering effect. GL has recently been paid great attention for its cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential. Z- and E-Guggulsterone have been identified as the major active components of GL. Studies have shown that GL as well as Guggulsterones can inhibit cancer growth in vitro and in vivo and lead to prevention of cancer initiation, promotion and progression. Although the action mechanisms of GL are not completely understood, GL has been revealed as a multitargeted cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent. The increased understanding of the anti-cancer activity of GL and its molecular targets would allow us to improve its efficacies in different types of human cancers by single and/or combination strategies. | |||||
Gugulipid (GL, guggul, guggal, or gugul lipid) is the ethyl acetate extract of gum guggul resin (raw material) that is harvested directly from the Commiphora mukul tree (family name: Burseraceae; synonyms: Hook, Bandari, Balsamodendron mukul, and Commiphora Wightii). GL is a highly valued botanical medicine. As aforementioned, GL has been safely used for thousands of years in the Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of different ailments, including lipid disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcers, osteoarthritis, bone fractures, epilepsy and obesity . In 1986, GL was granted approval in India for marketing as a lipid lowering drug (Indian Pharmacopeia 2007: pgs. 2038-2040). Several products of standardized formulations of Commiphora mukul are already in human use as cholesterollowering agents . The Z- and E-forms of guggulsterone (Gug, 4,17(20)-pregnadie-3, 16-dione) have been identified as major active components of GL . GL and its active component z-Gug have been used in many clinical trials that focused on its cholesterol-lowering effect . Numerous studies continue to support that many edible phytochemicals have cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential . These finding motivated the investigation of the cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of GL and its active components.Guggulsterone is a plant steroid found in the resin of the guggul plant, Commiphora mukul. Guggulsterone can exist as either of two stereoisomers, E-guggulsterone and Z-guggulsterone. In humans, it acts as an antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor, which was once believed to result in decreased cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Several studies have been published that indicate no overall reduction in total cholesterol occurs using various dosages of guggulsterone, and levels of low-density lipoprotein (“bad cholesterol”) increased in many people.[1][2] Nevertheless, guggulsterone is an ingredient in many nutritional supplements.
Scheme 1. Stereoselective synthesis of E-guggulsterone (1) from 4-androsten-3,17-dione (5). (i) CH(OEt)3, p-TSA, THF/EtOH, quantitative; (ii) EtPPh3Br, t-BuOK, THF, reflux; (iii) HCl, THF, 95% from 6; (iv) SeO2, t-BuO2H, 90%; (v) (COCl)2, DMSO, Et3N, CH2Cl2, 85% |
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Moringa oleifera
The Drumstick Plant
08 February 2013, Organic India, a manufacturer of herb-based functional supplements, has launched organic single ingredient Moringa products in the US.
Available in both capsule and powder formulations, the product made from powdered leaves of Moringa oleifera tree contains vitamin A, B1, B3, B12, iron, magnesium, potassium, amino acids, and polyphenols and is used for restoring internal imbalances.
Organic India national sales manager Heather Henning said the ancient therapeutic Moringa oleifera plant has been used for years and has seen increasing popularity amongst mainstream consumers worldwide.
Moringa oleifera leaf powder
“Millions of people globally use Moringa for essential nutrition — now, the US distribution channel will have access to this extraordinary plant with USDA organic certification,” Henning added.
The company said Moringa supplement, which has more B12 than steak, more vitamin A than eggs, and more calcium than milk, will be unveiled to the public at Expo West 2013.
_leaves_with_flowers_at_Kolkata_W_IMG_2125.jpg)
Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) leaves with flowers
Moringa oleifera (synonym: Moringa pterygosperma) is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. English common names include moringa, and drumstick tree, from the appearance of the long, slender, triangular seed pods, horseradish tree, from the taste of the roots which resembles horseradish, or ben oil tree, from the oil derived from the seeds. The tree itself is rather slender, with drooping branches that grow to approximately 10m in height. In cultivation, it is often cut back annually to 1–2 meters and allowed to regrow so the pods and leaves remain within arm’s reach.[1][2]
In developing countries, moringa has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development, and support sustainable landcare.[3] It may be used as forage forlivestock, a micronutrient liquid, a natural anthelmintic and possible adjuvant.[2][4][5]
The moringa tree is grown mainly in semiarid, tropical, and subtropical areas, corresponding in the United States to USDA hardiness zones 9 and 10. While it grows best in dry, sandy soil, it tolerates poor soil, including coastal areas. It is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree that is native to the southern foothills of the Himalayas in northwestern India.
Cultivation in Hawai’i, for commercial distribution in the United States, is in its early stages.[6]
“India is the largest producer of moringa, with an annual production of 1.1 to 1.3 million tonnes of tender fruits from an area of 380 km². Among the states, Andhra Pradesh leads in both area and production (156.65 km²) followed by Karnataka (102.8 km²) and Tamil Nadu(74.08 km²). In other states, it occupies an area of 46.13 km². Tamil Nadu is the pioneering state in·so·much as it has varied genotypes from diversified geographical areas and introductions from Sri Lanka.”[7]
Moringa is grown in home gardens and as living fences in Tamil Nadu Southern India and Thailand, where it is commonly sold in local markets.[8] In the Philippines, it is commonly grown for its leaves, which are used in soup.[9] Moringa is also actively cultivated by theWorld Vegetable Center in Taiwan, a center for vegetable research with a mission to reduce poverty and malnutrition in developing countries through improved production and consumption of vegetables. Tamil Nadu Southern India has Moringa in its folk stories and as well considered to be auspicious to grow in home. Interestingly the name in Tamil is Moorungai which sounds same as Moringa.
It is also widely cultivated in Africa, Cambodia, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Central and South America, and Sri Lanka
.jpg)
An Indian drumstick (cut)
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 64 kcal (270 kJ) |
| Carbohydrates | 8.28 g |
| – Dietary fiber | 2.0 g |
| Fat | 1.40 g |
| Protein | 9.40 g |
| Water | 78.66 g |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 378 μg (47%) |
| Thiamine (vit. B1) | 0.257 mg (22%) |
| Riboflavin (vit. B2) | 0.660 mg (55%) |
| Niacin (vit. B3) | 2.220 mg (15%) |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 0.125 mg (3%) |
| Vitamin B6 | 1.200 mg (92%) |
| Folate (vit. B9) | 40 μg (10%) |
| Vitamin C | 51.7 mg (62%) |
| Calcium | 185 mg (19%) |
| Iron | 4.00 mg (31%) |
| Magnesium | 147 mg (41%) |
| Manganese | 0.36 mg (17%) |
| Phosphorus | 112 mg (16%) |
| Potassium | 337 mg (7%) |
| Sodium | 9 mg (1%) |
| Zinc | 0.6 mg (6%) |
| Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
|
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 37 kcal (150 kJ) |
| Carbohydrates | 8.53 g |
| – Dietary fiber | 3.2 g |
| Fat | 0.20 g |
| Protein | 2.10 g |
| Water | 88.20 g |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 4 μg (1%) |
| Thiamine (vit. B1) | 0.0530 mg (5%) |
| Riboflavin (vit. B2) | 0.074 mg (6%) |
| Niacin (vit. B3) | 0.620 mg (4%) |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 0.794 mg (16%) |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.120 mg (9%) |
| Folate (vit. B9) | 44 μg (11%) |
| Vitamin C | 141.0 mg (170%) |
| Calcium | 30 mg (3%) |
| Iron | 0.36 mg (3%) |
| Magnesium | 45 mg (13%) |
| Manganese | 0.259 mg (12%) |
| Phosphorus | 50 mg (7%) |
| Potassium | 461 mg (10%) |
| Sodium | 42 mg (3%) |
| Zinc | 0.45 mg (5%) |
| Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database
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